Diet for diabetes

10 January 2021

Diabetes mellitus diet is one of the methods of disease control to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications. The key task of therapeutic measures is to normalize metabolic processes in the body by optimizing blood sugar levels to the maximum allowable value.

The key to patient well-being is adherence to a diet with a limited amount of carbohydrates and well-chosen drug therapy.

If the treatment of the disease is not started immediately, diabetes mellitus complicates the kidneys, nervous system, blood vessels, eyes, heart.

Etiology and pathogenesis

Today, 4% of the world's population suffers from this disease. According to the WHO, 8640 people with diabetes die every day worldwide, 3 million people die every year. That number is several times higher than the death rate from hepatitis and AIDS. According to the data of the International Diabetes Federation, since 2014, the number of carriers of this disease is 285 million, and at the same time, according to the forecast, by 2030. their number could rise to 438 million.

Etiology of the disease:

obesity;
hereditary predisposition;
mental / physical trauma;
vascular, autoimmune disorders.

External factors that contribute to the development of diabetes:

prolonged mental stress, stress, fear, dread;
eating foods with excessive amounts of carbohydrates, saturated sugars;
prolonged overeating.

Symptoms of diabetes in men and women:

weakness;
polyuria (increase in urine output up to 8 l / day);
weight loss;
hair loss;
drowsiness;
increased urination;
intense thirst;
decreased libido, potency;
itching of feet, palms, perineum;
increased appetite;
wounds do not heal well;
decreased visual acuity;
the smell of acetone from the mouth.

If you find signs of the disease, you should consult a doctor immediately, because the effectiveness of diabetes treatment directly depends on the speed of detection of the first symptoms of the disease, the conclusion of the diagnosis and drug therapy. Remember, in the early stages the disease is easier to treat.

Classification of diseases and the role of nutrition

After drug therapy, the primary role should be given to the patient's diet.

Types of diets depend on the stage of pancreatic depression, the mechanism of its manifestation and the method of treatment.

Degree of disease

Type 1 diabetes. It is a severe autoimmune disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. In this case, the pancreas does not produce at all or produces too little insulin needed to maintain vital body functions.
Type 2 diabetes. This form of the disease often develops in inactive people over the age of overweight.
Gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes mellitus develops in 4% of women during pregnancy, more often in the second trimester. Unlike the first two types of disease, in most cases it disappears immediately after the birth of a child, but sometimes it can transform into another type of diabetes. . . .

Less common forms (variants) of diabetes mellitus that occur in 1% of the world's population are prediabetes, latent, neurogenic, renal, steroid, bronze, MODY.

Types of diabetic diet

Insulin injections, hypoglycemic drugs and physical activity play an important role in achieving positive dynamics in the treatment of the disease. However, according to some doctors (A. Bronstein, E. Malysheva, V. Kononov), proper nutrition plays a fundamental role.

Types of food programs

Carbohydrate-free diet is a technique based on the consumption of complex carbohydrates from vegetables, fruits - in large quantities and the exclusion of foods containing simple carbohydrates from the menu.
Protein diet for diabetes. This diet scheme is based on the principle of reducing the consumption of carbohydrates and fats by increasing protein in the diet. The main emphasis in the methodology is the replacement of meat with lean fish, poultry and fermented dairy products.
Low carb diet, used to compile menus for type 1 diabetics. 2.
Buckwheat diet. Regular consumption of this product has a beneficial effect on the body: it reduces the level of "bad" cholesterol and saturates it with iron, rutin, calcium, magnesium, fiber, iodine, B vitamins. Buckwheat diet for diabetes helps reduce the likelihood of macrovascular complications and ulcers.
Diabetes Prevention Diet is designed to reduce the risk of developing pancreatic dysfunction.

With the appearance of deterioration of the cardiovascular system and blood vessels, diet 10 is practiced in diabetes mellitus. Its specialty is to reduce the consumption of fluids, salts, fats, carbohydrates, because these substances overload the liver, kidneys and excite the nervous system.

Consider in detail what kind of diet is needed for diabetes mellitus, recipes for dishes that are allowed to eat during the dietary period.

Carbohydrate counting

When you discover diabetes mellitus, it is important to properly balance the intake of carbohydrates and substances that reduce glucose in the body. A universal parameter called the bread unit is used to calculate the calorie content of products. At the same time, 1 XE (10 - 13 g of pure carbohydrates) raises glucose to 2. 77 mmol / l and "needs" 1. 4 units of insulin to absorb it. Since the injection is given before the start of a meal, it is important to plan one meal in advance.

The carbohydrate content in one meal should be 4-6 units of bread. The frequency and timing of meals directly depend on the type of sugar-lowering drug.

Quantity of product corresponding to 1XE:

sugar - 1 tbsp. ;
honey - 1 tbsp. l. ;
spaghetti - 1, 5 tbsp. ;
fruit juices - 150 ml;
ice cream - 60 g;
fresh water with gas - 180 ml;
bread (rye, white, black) - 25 g;
pancakes or pancakes - 1 pc;
dough - 25 g;
melon - 300 g;
porridge (oats, buckwheat, wheat) - 2 tbsp. l. cereals;
sausages - 200 g;
kefir, fermented baked milk, milk - 250 ml;
mashed potatoes - 100 g;
apples - 100 g;
legumes (peas, beans) - 5 tbsp. l. ;
kiwi - 150 g;
pears - 90 g;
oranges - 100 g;
berries - 150 g;
plums - 100 g;
peaches - 150 g;
watermelon - 400 g;
dried fruits (prunes, raisins, dried apricots) - 20 g.

Carbohydrate saturation in the daily diet of diabetics should not exceed 17 units of bread (2000 kcal).

In addition to counting saccharides, it is important for patients with pancreatic dysfunction to carefully choose food for a meal based on prohibited and permitted ingredients.

Diabetes Food Table
Product Category	Allowed	Available in limited quantity	Forbidden Food
Bakery products	Saved	Wheat, whole grain, rye, second class flour products	Puff pastry, pastry
Meat and Poultry	-	Low-fat varieties of veal, lamb, chicken, turkey, rabbit, boiled tongue, diet sausages	Fatty pork, beef, goose, duck, canned food, sausages, bacon, smoked sausages
First courses	Borsch, cabbage soup, fish soup, soups: mushroom, fish, beetroot	Solyanka with a little fat	Noodle soups, fatty soups, traditional kharcho
Fish	Fasting fish fillets	Mussels, squid, shrimp, oysters, crabs, salmon (trout, salmon, salmon)	Eel, caviar, canned food in oil, fish from the herring family (sprat, sprat, herring), sturgeon (star sturgeon, beluga, sturgeon)
Dairy, fermented milk products	Milk, kefir, unsalted cheese 25-30%	Homemade yogurt, milk 0%, feta cheese, cottage cheese 5%, rennet, fermented baked milk	Sour cream, cheese 50-60%, salted cheese, glazed cottage cheese, butter, condensed milk, cream
Porridge	Buckwheat, pearl barley, oatmeal, barley, millet	-	Semolina, brown rice, pasta
Vegetables	carrots, cabbage (all kinds), beets, pumpkins, tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, onions, beets, radishes, mushrooms, cucumbers, fresh leafy greens, peppers	Corn, boiled potatoes, fresh legumes	French fries, fried vegetables, pickled and salted vegetables
Fruits, berries	Quince, lemons, cranberries, pear	Plums, apples, peaches, oranges, cherries, blueberries, watermelon, currants, raspberries	Grapes, figs, dates, raisins, bananas
Desserts	Fruit salads	Sambuca, compotes, sweetener mousse, fruit jellies, green cocktails with honey (Dec. 1)	Ice cream, cakes, fatty cookies, cakes, jam, puddings, sweets, milk chocolate with nuts
Sauces and spices	Mustard, pepper, horseradish, tomato juice, cinnamon, dry spices and herbs	Homemade mayonnaise	Ketchup, stewed vegetables, purchased sauces
Drinks	Tea, cocoa, ground coffee (without sugar and cream), rosehip and raspberry decoction, unsweetened fruit nectar, sour berry fruit drinks	Natural vegetable juices (diluted)	Sugar lemonades, yeast, sweet drinks, alcohol
Fats	-	Vegetable oils (flaxseed, corn, olive sunflower), unsalted butter	Lard, meat fat

After converting carbohydrates into bread units, it is important to determine the amount of insulin that will be needed to use blood sugar after a meal. Following this recommendation will help avoid life-threatening conditions - hyper and hypoglycemia.

Diet for grade 1 diabetes

The type 1 diet is based on strict control of blood glucose levels (3, 5 . . . 5 mmol / l).

Consider the characteristics of food intake, allowing you to maintain its level within established limits.

The maximum daily content of calories in meals (total daily) is 2000 kcal.
Fractional diet (at least 5 times).
Eliminate pure sucrose from the menu to lower blood glucose.
Schedule a main dose of carbs for breakfast and lunch.
Don't eat at night.
Avoid easily digestible carbohydrates: bakery products, honey, jams, canned food.
Use a natural sweetener as a sweetener.
To monitor the quality, "naturalness" of the product.
Adjust the schedule of insulin therapy for meals (long-term drug is injected before meals, short - after meals).
Calculate the number of units of bread to take into account the amount of carbohydrates eaten per day. You should eat a maximum of 8 XE for one meal.

In the presence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (pancreatitis, ulcers, gastritis), diabetes mellitus diet prohibits the intake of products such as: pickles, smoked meats, rich soups, coffee, carbonated beverages, alcohol, mushrooms, canned foods that stimulate excessivesecretion of enzymes, jerutics at the rate and level of carbohydrate absorption.

Allowed foods for type 1 diabetes:

pastries without yeast (lavash);
berries, fruits (plum, cherry, lemon, apple, pear, orange);
soy products (tofu, milk);
cereals (pearl barley, oatmeal, buckwheat porridge);
vegetarian puree soups;
drinks (slightly carbonated mineral water, berry mousse, dried fruit compote);
vegetables (onions, zucchini, peppers, beets, carrots);
nuts (unroasted);
weak coffee, unsweetened green / black / fruit teas.

Don't eat:

rich soups, broths;
pasta, flour products;
sweets (cakes, pastries, sweets, chocolate, muffins);
fast food, semi-finished products;
alcoholic beverages (it is strictly forbidden to consume red dessert wine);
sour, smoked, spicy foods;
fatty meat (pork, lamb, duck), fish (mackerel).

The daily calorie intake of an obese patient on this insulin diet ranges from 1200-1400 kcal. If there is no need to get rid of extra pounds, the portions of the dishes can be increased.

Diet for overweight addicts for a week

Day 1

breakfast - bread - 1 slice, porridge - 170 g, green tea, cheese - 40 g;
second breakfast - pear - 0, 5 pcs, young cheese - 60 g;
lunch - borscht - 250 g, stewed cabbage - 200 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g, lavash;
afternoon tea - rosehip soup, cottage cheese - 100 g, fruit jelly - 100 g;
dinner - cauliflower zrazy - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g;
before bed - milk - 200 ml.

Day 2

breakfast - boiled veal - 50 g, green tea, omelet, tomato - 1 pc. , bread - 1 slice;
second breakfast - grapefruit or orange - 1 piece, pistachios - 50 g;
lunch - chicken breast - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, pumpkin porridge - 150 g;
afternoon tea - grapefruit - 1 pc. , kefir - 200 ml. ;
dinner - boiled fish - 100 g, stewed cabbage - 200 g;
Sleep time - unsweetened cracker - 50g

Day 3

breakfast - lavash, weak coffee without sugar, rolls with meat - 200 g;
second breakfast - strawberries - 120 g, yogurt - 200 ml;
lunch - pasta - 100 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed fish - 100 g;
afternoon tea - orange - 1 pc. , decoction of dried fruit;
dinner - casserole of fresh cheese with pears - 250 g;
before bed - kefir.

Day 4

breakfast - porridge - 200 g, green tea, cheese - 70 g. boiled egg - 1 pc;
second breakfast - toast with cheese, turkey fillet;
lunch - stewed zucchini with meat - 200 g, vegetarian puree soup - 150 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
afternoon tea - non-fat cookies - 15 g, unsweetened black tea;
dinner - green beans - 200 g, cooked chicken fillet - 150 g, pomegranate soup;
before bed - dry diet bread - 3 pcs.

Day 5

breakfast - low-fat cottage cheese (up to 5%) - 150 g, kefir - 200 ml;
second breakfast - pumpkin seeds - 2 tablespoons, raisins - 3 tablespoons;
lunch - baked potatoes - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, sugar-free compote - 100 g;
afternoon snack - unsweetened fruit tea, roasted pumpkin - 150 g;
dinner - vegetable salad - 200 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g or pancakes with blueberries on rye flour - 250 g;
before bed - kefir 1%.

Day 6

breakfast - boiled egg - 1 pc, fruit tea, lightly salted salmon - 30 g;
second breakfast - cottage cheese - 150 g, carrots - 1 pc;
lunch - green borscht - 250 g, rolls with brown rice and carrot - 170 g; pie;
afternoon tea - kefir - 150 ml. , bread - 2 pcs;
dinner - fresh peas - 100 g, cooked chicken fillet - 100 g, stewed eggplant - 150 g;
before bed - dry crackers - 50 g.

Day 7

breakfast - ham - 50 g, buckwheat porridge - 200 g, green tea;
second breakfast - salad of tuna, cucumber, cherry tomato, rye bread from whole grains - 150 g;
lunch - stewed zucchini with carrots - 100 g, cabbage soup - 250 g, bread - 1 slice, chicken cutlet - 50 g;
afternoon tea - cottage cheese - 100 g, apricots or plums - 4 pcs;
dinner - squid steak with onions - 150 g, dried fruit compote;
before bed - milk - 200 ml.

A low-carbohydrate diet for diabetes is a strictly balanced diet for the patient to keep sugar within normal limits and systematic weight loss.

Type 2 diabetes diet

Basics of dietary health nutrition:

Replace

refined carbohydrates with sweeteners;
BZHU ratio should be 20%: 30%: 50%;
reduce animal fat consumption by up to 50%;

The calorie content of the daily diet depends on the energy expenditure and body weight of the patient.

Diet Diet 9 or Table 9 is a balanced program for diabetics with moderate to moderate obesity. Adhering to this, the patient's diet consists of: protein (100 g), carbohydrates (320 g), fat (80 g), of which 30% are unsaturated triglycerides.

The diet for type 2 diabetes is almost the same as the diet program for people who monitor their health:

divide the entire volume of daily food into 5 meals: 2 snacks of 1-2XE, 3 main meals of 5-8XE;
don’t skip breakfast;
maximum break between meals - 4 hours;
last meal in the evening - 1, 5 hours before bedtime;
It is recommended to eat vegetable salads, fruits, freshly squeezed juices, dried fruit soup, kefir, milk, green or fruit tea, unsweetened biscuits (crackers), bread between meals.

Daily diet for type 2 diabetes

Day 1

breakfast - asparagus - 100g. , scrambled eggs of 3-4 quail eggs;
second breakfast - salad of walnuts, squid, apples - 200 g;
lunch - roasted eggplant stuffed with pomegranate, nuts - 100 g, beetroot - 250 g;
afternoon tea - avocado and cocoa ice cream - 100 g;
Dinner - salmon steak with radish sauce - 200 g.

Day 2

breakfast - yogurt, rolled oats - 200 g (as a sweetener you can use nectar of stevia or agave), apple - 1 pc;
second breakfast - fruit smoothie (grind in a blender 80 g of cherries, strawberries, melons and 4 ice cubes);
lunch - roast veal - 150 g, vegetable stew - 200 g;
afternoon snack - cheese and pear casserole - 150 g;
dinner - a mixture of vegetables - 200 g, avocado - half the fruit.

Day 3

breakfast - fried eggs of two eggs with the addition of low-fat cheese, basil, tomato;
second breakfast - steamed vegetables - 100 g, hummus - 100 g;
lunch - vegetarian puree soup - 200 g, green peas - 50 g chicken chops - 150 g;
afternoon tea - pear - 1 pc. , almonds - 50 g;
Dinner - salmon - 150 g, yogurt, spinach.

Day 4

breakfast - baked fruit (apples, plums, cherries) in agave nectar - 200 g;
second breakfast - tuna sandwich and lettuce;
lunch - beef steak - 150 g, boiled cauliflower - 200 g, tomato salad, arugula, parmesan - 100 g;
afternoon snack - dessert of fruits and berries (cut mango, kiwi, strawberries, combine with snow, pour orange juice and freeze) - 150 g;
dinner - broccoli roll - 200 g.

Day 5

breakfast - orange - 1 piece; fruit tea, low-fat cheese - 30 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
second breakfast - beet salad with walnuts - 200 g;
lunch - rice - 200 g, salmon, steamed - 150 g, grapefruit - 1 pc;
afternoon tea - berries with whipped cream 10% - 150 g;
dinner - pomegranate soup, squid steak with onions - 200 g.

Day 6

breakfast - carrot and cottage cheese souffle - 200 g;
second breakfast - cauliflower zrazy - 100 g;
lunch - mandarin salad, chicken breast, arugula - 200 g, dried fruit compote, vegetable borsch - 200 ml;
afternoon tea - kiwi, raspberry mousse - 200 ml. ;
dinner - cod with carrots - 200 g, kefir.

Day 7

breakfast - baked apple stuffed with oatmeal, walnuts, raisins - 1 pc. ;
second breakfast - fruit and vegetable salad of kohlrabi, celery, pears - 200 g, shrimp - 100 g;
lunch - polenta - 200 g, cabbage, boiled hake - 200 g, kiwi - 1 pc. ;
afternoon tea - strawberries with mascarpone - 100 g;
dinner - cucumber salad with onions, spinach - 250 g, green tea.

Depending on the course of the disease, changes can be made to the patient's menu.

Remember, the above example diet is not a universal nutrition system for all diabetics, so it is important to monitor your well-being in the monitoring process. In case of deterioration, "problematic" food should be excluded from the menu.

Gestational diabetes diet

In some cases, the pancreas does not function properly in the body of the expectant mother, resulting in gestational diabetes. In most cases, this condition is easy to control with a proper diet.

Diet during pregnancy

Avoid sugar, sweets, pastries, semolina, sweet fruits and foods that contain sweeteners from your diet.
Balance your daily menu. Daily intake of carbohydrates is 50%, protein - 30%, fat - 15-20%. At the same time, Malysheva's diet for diabetes predicts minimizing the amount of food intake that contains plant and animal triglycerides (5-10%).
Adhere to the drinking regime - 1, 5-2 liters of water per day.
Enrich your daily diet with starchy (cereals, rye bread, brown rice, legumes, sweet potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, radishes, beets) and fermented dairy products.
Snack with fresh fruit.
Divide your daily food intake into 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and 2 snacks (lunch, afternoon snack).
Enrich your daily diet with multivitamin complexes for pregnant women.
Reduce sugar with folk remedies using decoctions of celery root, linden flowers, blueberry leaves, lilac buds, bean pods.
Limit caffeine intake. The allowed amount of alkaloids is 2 servings of coffee or tea.

The optimal caloric intake of a pregnant woman's daily diet is 2000 - 2500 kcal. At the same time, a carbohydrate-free diet for gestational diabetes is prohibited.

Recommended menu for expectant mothers with high blood glucose

breakfast - millet porridge - 150 g, fruit tea, rye bread - 20 g;
second breakfast - dried whole grain bun - 50 g, unsalted cheese 17% - 20 g, apple - 1 pc;
lunch - buckwheat porridge - 100 g, cabbage mixture, Jerusalem artichokes, cucumbers - 150 g, beef stew - 70 g;
afternoon tea - cottage cheese 5% - 100 g, unsweetened cracker - 2 pcs. , orange - 1 pc. ;
dinner - cooked chicken fillet - 60 g, vegetable garnish (carrot, cabbage, paprika) - 100 g, tomato juice - 180 ml, bread - 2 pcs. ;
3 hours before bedtime - kefir / yogurt - 200 ml.

In addition to following a special diet, patients with gestational diabetes are shown walking (40 minutes a day) and moderate physical activity (gymnastics, water exercises).

Diet for insulin-dependent diabetes in children

Diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence is much harder to carry than in adults. A child's genetic predisposition, stress and poor nutrition are the main causes of the development of autoimmune diseases.

In 80% of cases, children are diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1). Early diagnosis, urgent treatment and strict adherence to a special diet will help prevent the consequences of the disease.

Dietary diet in children

Eliminate sugar, soda, pastry shops, wheat flour bakery products, fried foods, bakery products from the menu.
Enrich your daily menu with unsweetened fruits, vegetables and herbs (unlimited). Forbidden - grapes, bananas, raisins, dates, persimmons, figs.
Use natural sugar substitutes.
Divide your daily food intake into 6 meals. At the same time, it is important to eat food at regular intervals. Tolerances in the child's diet are 15-20 minutes.
Meals should be taken after 15 minutes. after the introduction of insulin and 2 hours after injection.
If you can’t eat at a certain time, you can eat bread, pear, nuts, a cheese or apple sandwich. Under no circumstances should you starve.
Taking a slice of chocolate right away will help stop hypoglycemic attacks. Therefore, an adult accompanying a child should always have a sweet product available.
Enrich your child's daily diet with fermented dairy products.
Calculate your daily fructose intake. The amount of sugar replacement directly depends on the age of the child and the nature of the course of the disease.

In order for the child to reduce glucose, it is desirable to give decoctions of blueberries, nettles, corn stalks, mint leaves, barberry branches, bean pods, artichokes, ginseng and eleutherococcus.

Thus, diet for patients with diabetes plays an important role, because the well-being and life of the patient depend on the correctness of its composition. It is therefore important to take the composition and adherence to the diet very seriously and carefully, as negligence can lead to tragic consequences.